Regulation 19 - Proposed Draft Local Plan Submission

Ends on 6 May 2025 (32 days remaining)

Policies map

Appendices

Appendix 1 List of Policies Replaced by this Local Plan

This Local Plan will, on adoption, replace the following Harborough Local Plan (2019) Policies:

SS1 The Spatial Strategy

GD1 Achieving Sustainable Development

GD2 Settlement Development

GD3 Development in the Countryside

GD4 New Housing in the Countryside

GD5 Landscape Character

GD6 Areas of Separation

GD7 Green Wedges

GD8 Good Design in Development

GD9 Minerals Safeguarding Areas

H1 Provision of New Housing

H2 Affordable Housing

H3 Rural Exception Sites

H4 Specialist Housing

H5 Housing Density, Mix and Standards

H6 Gypsy, Traveller and Travelling Showpeople Accommodation

BE1 Provision of New Business Development

BE2 Strategic Distribution

BE3 Existing Employment Areas

BE4 Bruntingthorpe Proving Ground

BE5 Leicester Airport, Stoughton

RT1 Provision of New Retail Uses

RT2 Town and Local Centres

RT3 Shop Fronts and Advertisements

RT4 Tourism and Leisure

HC1 Built Heritage

HC2 Community Facilities

HC3 Public Houses, Post Offices and Village Shops

GI1 Green Infrastructure Networks

GI2 Open Space, Sport and Recreation

GI3 Cemeteries

GI4 Local Green Space

GI5 Biodiversity and Geodiversity

CC1 Mitigating Climate Change

CC2 Renewable Energy Generation

CC3 Managing Flood Risk

CC4 Sustainable Drainage

IN1 Infrastructure Provision

IN2 Sustainable Transport

IN3 Electronic Connectivity

IN4 Water Resources and Services

IMR1 Monitoring and Review of the Local Plan

SC1 Scraptoft North Strategic Development Area

MH1 Overstone Park

MH2 East of Blackberry Grange

MH3 Burnmill Farm

MH4 Land at Airfield Farm

MH5 Airfield Business Park

MH6 Compass Point Business Park

L1 East of Lutterworth Strategic Development Area

L2 Land south of Lutterworth Road/Coventry Road

F1 Land off Arnesby Road

F2 Land off Marlborough Drive

K1 Land South and West of Priory Business Park

Appendix 2 Evidence Base

Section/Policy	Key Related Evidence
General	Sustainability Appraisal, 2025 Habitat Regulations Assessment, 2025 Harborough Local Plan Viability Assessment, 2025 Harborough Infrastructure Delivery Plan, 2025 Health Impact Assessment, 2025 Equalities Impact Assessment, 2025
Chapter 3 Overall Development Strategy
Policy DS01 Development Strategy: Delivering Homes	Leicester & Leicestershire Housing & Economic Needs Assessment, 2022 Harborough Local Housing and Employment Land Evidence, 2024 Leicester & Leicestershire Housing & Economic Needs Assessment, 2022 Development Strategy, 2025 Site Assessment Methodology, 2025.
Policy DS02 Development Strategy: CreatingJobs and Diversifying the Economy	Warehousing and Logistics in Leicester and Leicestershire: Managing Growth and Change Study (amended March 2022) Leicester & Leicestershire Housing & Economic Needs Assessment, 2022 Harborough Local Housing and Employment Land Evidence, 2024 Harborough StrategicB8 Needs Sensitivity Report, 2024. Harborough Retail Town Centres Study, 2025
Policy DS03 Development Strategy: Tackling Climate Change and Enhancing the Natural Environment	Leicestershire Local Transport Plan (LTP) 4, 2024 Joint Water Cycle Scoping Study, 2024 Harborough Green and Blue Infrastructure Study, 2024.
Policy DS04 Development Strategy: Retaining and Celebrating our Heritage and Rural Character	Harborough Areas of Separation Study, 2024 Harborough Green Wedge Study, 2024 Heritage Analysis, 2024.
Policy DS05 Development Strategy: Supporting Strategic Infrastructure	Harborough Infrastructure Delivery Plan, 2025.
Chapter 4: Key Development Sites
Policy SA01: Site Allocations, Policy SAO2, Land South of Gartree Road Strategic Development Area, Policy SA03: North of Market Harborough	Harborough Strategic Housing and Economic Land Availability Assessment, 2024 Development Strategy, 2025 Site Assessment Methodology, 2025 Study, 2024 Harborough Infrastructure Delivery Plan, 2025 Strategic Transport Impact Assessment, 2025 Harborough Green Wedge Study, 2024 Harborough Areas of Separation Study, 2024 Harborough Green and Blue Infrastructure Study, 2024 Harborough Strategic Flood Risk Assessment-Level 2, 2024.
Chapter 5: Strategic Policies for Housing
Policy HN01 Housing Need: Affordable Homes	Leicester & Leicestershire Housing & Economic Needs Assessment, 2022 Harborough Local Housing and Employment Land Evidence, 2024 Harborough Local Plan Viability Assessment, 2025.
Policy HN02 Housing Need: Mix of New Homes	Leicester & Leicestershire Housing & Economic Needs Assessment, 2022 Harborough Local Housing and Employment Land Evidence, 2024 Harborough Local Plan Viability Assessment, 2025.
Policy HN03 Housing Need: Housing Type and Density	Leicester & Leicestershire Housing & Economic Needs Assessment, 2022 Harborough Local Housing and Employment Land Evidence, 2024.
Policy HN04 Housing Need: Supported and Specialist Housing	Leicester & Leicestershire Housing & Economic Needs Assessment, 2022 Harborough Local Housing and Employment Land Evidence, 2024 Harborough Local Plan Viability Assessment, 2025.
Policy HN05 Housing Need: Self and Custom Build Housing	Harborough Self-Build and Custom Housebuilding Register.
Policy HN06 Housing Need: Gypsy and Traveller and Travelling Showpeople Accommodation	Harborough District Council Gypsy and Traveller Accommodation Assessment, 2024 Harborough District Council Gypsy and Traveller and Travelling Showpeople Site Assessment Study, 2024.
Chapter 6: Directing Development to the Right Place
Policy AP01: Development in Settlements	Settlement Hierarchy Study, 2025 Made Neighbourhood Plans Harborough Green Wedge Study, 2024 Harborough Areas of Separation Study, 2024.
Policy AP02: Development in Town, District and Local Centres	Harborough Retail Town Centres Study, 2025
Policy AP03: Development in the Countryside (Residential)	Harborough Green Wedge Study, 2024 Harborough Areas of Separation Study, 2024.
Policy AP04: Development in the Countryside (Commercial/ Non-Residential)	Harborough Green Wedge Study, 2024 Harborough Areas of Separation Study, 2024.
Policy AP05: Locating Renewable and Low-Carbon Energy Development	Harborough Renewable Energy Assessment, 2024 Harborough Renewable Energy. Landscape Sensitivity Assessment, 2024.
Chapter 7: Development Standards
Policy DM01: High Quality Inclusive Design
Policy DM02: Amenity and Wellbeing	Health Impact Assessment in spatial planning, October 2020.
Policy DM03: Heritage Asset Conservation and Design Standards	Heritage Assessment
Policy DM04 : Landscape Character and Sensitivity	Harborough Landscape Character Assessment, 2024 Harborough Landscape Sensitivity Study, 2024
Policy DM05: Green and Blue Infrastructure and Open Space	Harborough Open Spaces Strategy, 2021 Harborough Provision for Open Space Sport and Recreation – Delivery Plan, 2021 Harborough Green and Blue Infrastructure Strategy, 2024.
Policy DM06: Transport and accessibility	Joint Transport Evidence Study (South East Leicestershire, 2024 Strategic Transport Impact Assessment, 2025.
Policy DM07: Managing Flood Risk	Harborough Strategic Flood Risk Assessment-Level 1, 2024 Harborough Strategic Flood Risk Assessment-Level 2, 2024.
Policy DM08: Sustainable Drainage	Harborough Strategic Flood Risk Assessment-Level 1, 2024 Harborough Strategic Flood Risk Assessment-Level 2, 2024.
Policy DM09: Sustainable Construction and Climate Resilience	Leicestershire Climate Change Strategy Harborough Climate Change Action Plan Harborough Climate Change Risk Assessment, 2024.
Policy DM10: Biodiversity and Geodiversity Protection and Enhancement	Harborough Green and Blue Infrastructure Study, 2024 Draft Leicestershire, Leicester and Rutland Local Nature Recovery Strategy, 2025.
Policy DM11: Managing Impacts on Land and Water Quality	Joint Water Cycle Scoping Study, 2024.
Policy DM12: Protection and Enhancement of Community Facilities
Policy DM13: Existing Business Uses – Retention and Redevelopment	Harborough Local Housing and Employment Land Evidence, 2024.
Policy DM14: Shopfront Design
Policy DM15: Outdoor Advertising and Signage Design
Policy DM16: Telecommunications Infrastructure

Appendix 3 Monitoring Framework

Objective	Related Policies	Key Indicators
Delivering Homes: Deliver the housing needed: Provide housing that addresses specific needs of different communities and age groups.	Policy DS01 Development Strategy: Delivering Homes Policy SA01: Site Allocations Policy SA01: Site Allocation Schedule Policy SA02: Land South of Gartree Road Strategic Development Area Policy HN01 Housing Need: Affordable Homes Policy HN02 Housing Need: Mix of New Homes Policy HN03 Housing Need: Housing Type and Density Policy HN04 Housing Need: Supported and Specialist Housing Policy HN05 Housing Need: Self and Custom Build Housing Policy HN06 Housing Need: Gypsy and Traveller and Travelling Showpeople Accommodation Policy AP01 Development in Settlements Policy AP03 Development in the Countryside (Residential) Policy DM02: Amenity and Wellbeing.	Net additional dwellings permitted and completed. Number of affordable homes permitted and completed. Number of specialist housing dwellings for older people (Use Class C2) completed. Number of Gypsy and Traveller residential pitches delivered. Number of Travelling Showpeople plots delivered. Number of Self-build plots permitted and completed. Rolling percentage new homes completed, measured against last 3 years of rolling housing requirement (Housing Delivery Test result). 5 Year Housing Land Supply – The 5 Year Housing Land Supply will be calculated as set out in paragraph 9.9 – 9.10 of the Local Plan. Once published the latest 5 year housing land supply will inform Development Management decisions on housing applications. This will ensure the District remains on track to deliver the housing requirement in Policy DS01 over the plan period. Decisions contrary to adopted policy.
Creating Jobs and Diversifying the Economy: Create opportunities for establishing or expanding businesses to foster job creation and economic growth.	Policy DS02 Development Strategy: Creating Jobs and Diversifying the Economy Policy SA01: Site Allocations Policy SA01: Site Allocation Schedule Policy SA02: Land South of Gartree Road Strategic Development Area Policy AP01 Development in Settlements Policy AP02 Development in Town, District and Local Centres Policy AP04 Development in the Countryside (Commercial/ Non-Residential) Policy DM13: Existing Business Uses – Retention and Redevelopment	Net additional employment floor space permitted and completed. Loss of B2, B8, or E(g)(ii) class floorspace permitted and completed. Development permitted and completed in the countryside for uses specified in Policy AP04, clauses 1a-i. Net loss of retail floorspace in Market Harborough Primary Shopping Area (Policy AP02). Policy omissions.
Tackling Climate Change and Enhancing the Natural Environment: Improve environmental quality by reducing pollution, protecting biodiversity, and creating green infrastructure, while also reducing carbon emissions and implementing climate adaptation strategies.	Policy DS03 Development Strategy: Tackling Climate Change and Enhancing the Natural Environment Policy DM01: High Quality Inclusive Design Policy DM02: Amenity and Wellbeing Policy DM03: Heritage Asset Conservation and Design Standards Policy DM06: Transport and Accessibility Policy DM07: Managing Flood Risk Policy DM08: Sustainable Drainage Policy DM09: Sustainable Construction and Climate Resilience Policy DM10: Biodiversity and Geodiversity Protection and Enhancement Policy DM11: Managing Impacts on Land and Water Quality.	Air quality – latest Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) readings and year on year trends. Net gain in biodiversity as per Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (DEFRA) metric. Number of major planning completions accompanied by a Health Impact Assessment (HIA). BNG offsetting - developer contributions. Number of planning permissions leading to loss of Green Wedge Land. Reduction in carbon emissions. Number of developments incorporating renewable energy. Decisions made contrary to adopted policy.
Retaining and Celebrating our Heritage and Rural Character: Thoughtfully accommodating development to retain and enhance the rural landscape and our built heritage.	Policy DS04 Development Strategy: Retaining and Celebrating our Heritage and Rural Character Policy AP01 Development in Settlements Policy DM01: High Quality Inclusive Design Policy DM03: Heritage Asset Conservation and Design Standards Policy DM04: Landscape Character and Sensitivity Policy DM14: Shopfront Design Policy DM15: Outdoor Advertising and Signage Design.	Area of Green Wedges designated. Area of Areas of Separation. Number of additions to Local List of Non-Designated Heritage Assets (NDHAs). Decisions made contrary to adopted policy.
Enabling Supporting Infrastructure: Work with partners to support environmentally friendly travel and healthier communities by improving sustainable transport networks, expanding access to open spaces, and expanding and enhancing community facilities.	Policy DS05 Development Strategy: Enabling Supporting Infrastructure Policy SA01: Site Allocations Policy SA02: Development Considerations for Land South of Gartree Road Strategic Area Development Policy AP05 Locating Renewable and Low-Carbon Energy Development Policy DM06: Transport and Accessibility Policy DM12: Protection and Enhancement of Community Facilities Policy DM16: Telecommunications Infrastructure.	Infrastructure delivery in line with the latest version of the IDP (Infrastructure Delivery Plan). Annual total of Section 106 financial contributions received. Annual total of developer contributions received towards community infrastructure. Community projects supported by funds from Section 106 developer contributions. Gains and losses to Open Space Areas or Playing Pitches. Telecommunications development permitted and completed. Number of healthcare facilities permitted and completed (improved or established). Decisions contrary to adopted policy.

Appendix 4 Local Green Space Designations

	LP ref	Location	OS number	Item
1	DM05a	Allexton	LGS/All/1	Village Green, Allexton
2	DM05b	Arnesby	LGS/ARN/10	Paddock, Stoneyleigh, Arnesby
3	DM05c	Billesdon	LGS/Bil/2	Old Clay Pits Woodland, Billesdon
4	DM05d	Billesdon	LGS/Bil/3	Muddy Lane, Billesdon
5	DM05e	Billesdon	LGS/Bil/1	Billesdon Brook, Billesdon
6	DM05f	Burton Overy	LGS/BO/7	Old Heather Garden, Burton Overy
7	DM05g	Burton Overy	LGS/BO/6	Traffic Island bearing the village sign, Burton Overy
8	DM05h	Burton Overy	LGS/BO/3	Main Street Spinney, Burton Overy
9	DM05i	Burton Overy	LGS/BO/2	Pasture land east of Scotland Lane, Burton Overy
10	DM05j	Burton Overy	LGS/BO/1	Main Street Pasture, Burton Overy
11	DM05k	Bushby	LGS/THUR/8	Dismantled Railway Line Dalby Avenue, Bushby
12	DM05l	Claybrooke Parva	LGS/CLAPA/3	Church Field Ullesthorpe Road, Claybrooke Parva
13	DM05m	Dunton Bassett	LGS/DB/c	Wild area next to Leics Round Footpath, Dunton Bassett
14	DM05n	Fleckney	LGS/FLECK/2	Amenity Area, Priest Meadow Estate, Fleckney
15	DM05r	Great Glen	LGS/GRTG/1	Post Office Green, Great Glen
16	DM05s	Great Glen	LGS/GRTG/2	Grassed Area Outside Chemist, Great Glen
17	DM05t	Keyham	LGS/KEY/1a	Snows Lane - Sunken Lane, Keyham
18	GI4u	Keyham	LGS/KEY/2	Miles Piece, Keyham
19	DM05v	Kings Norton	LGS/KIN/2	Land Adjacent to Grange Farm, Kings Norton
20	DM05w	Laughton	LGS/LAUG/1	Village Hall Green/Paddock, Laughton
21	DM05x	Lutterworth	LGS/LUTT/3	Rye Hills, Lutterworth
22	DM05y	Lutterworth	LGS/LUTT/8	Memorial Gardens, Lutterworth
23	DM05z	Lutterworth	LGS/LUTT/5	River Swift Floodplain, Lutterworth
24	DM05aa	Medbourne	LGS/MED/6a	Tow Path and Gardens, Medbourne
25	DM05bb	Medbourne	LGS/MED/8	Springbank, Medbourne
26	DM05cc	Medbourne	LGS/MED/6b	Tow Path and Gardens, Medbourne
27	DM05dd	North Kilworth	LGS/NK/3	The Village Green, North Kilworth
28	DM05ee	North Kilworth	LGS/NK/4	The Stoney, North Kilworth
29	DM05ff	Scraptoft	LGS/SCRAP/5	Stocks Road, Scraptoft
30	DM05gg	Smeeton Westerby	LGS/SMEW/4	Traffic Island, Smeeton Westerby
31	DM05hh	Stoughton	LGS/STO/1	Paddock opp Church Land, Stoughton
32	DM0 ii	Stoughton	LGS/STO/2	Natural recreation area, Stoughton
33	DM05jj	Swinford	LGS/SWIN/1	Glebe Land behind Play Area, Swinford
34	DM05kk	Theddingworth	LGS/THEDD/3	Jubilee Area, Theddingworth
35	DM05ll	Thurnby	LGS/THUR/4	Embankments on Station Road, Thurnby
36	DM05mm	Thurnby	LGS/THUR/1	Greens on front of Rose and Crown, Thurnby

Appendix 5 Housing trajectory 2020-2041 (as at 31 March 2023)

	2020/2021	2021/2022	2022/2023	2023/2024	2024/2025	2025/2026	2026/2027	2027/2028	2028/2029	2029/2030	2030/2031	2031/2032	2032/2033	2033/2034	2034/2035	2035/2036	2036/2037	2037/2038	2038/2039	2039/2040	2040/2041	Total in Plan Period
Plan period years remaining	21	20	19	18	17	16	15	14	13	12	11	10	9	8	7	6	5	4	3	2	1
Completions	1,010	1,026	929																			2,965
Commitments at 01.04.2023 - includes sites with Planning Permission and Neighbourhood Plan Allocations:
Commitments*				76 5	59 9	48 5	48 1	45 4	22 9	14 9	11 4	21 6	19 0	19 0	19 0	19 0	15 0	15 0	15 0	15 0	15 0	5,002
Windfall Allowance												45	45	45	45	45	45	45	45	45	45	450
*Total Commitments and Windfall Allowance*				76 5	59 9	48 5	48 1	45 4	22 9	14 9	11 4	26 1	23 5	23 5	23 5	23 5	19 5	19 5	19 5	19 5	19 5	*5,452*
*Total Completions, Commitments and Windfall Allowance*	10 10	10 26	92 9	76 5	59 9	48 5	48 1	45 4	22 9	14 9	11 4	26 1	23 5	23 5	23 5	23 5	19 5	19 5	19 5	19 5	19 5	*8,417*
New Local Plan Allocations:
TB1: Land north of the A47, east of Zouche Way (THURNBY & BUSHBY)									50	50	25											125
S1: Land between Scraptoft & Bushby (SCRAPTOFT)											50	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100		950
S2: Land East of Beeby Road (SCRAPTOFT)									50	50	50	25										175
OA1: Land South of Gartree Road & East of Oadby (GLEN WARD)														150	150	150	150	150	150	150	150	1,200
L1: Land off Leicester Road (LUTTERWORTH)									50	50	50	50	30									230
L2: Land at M1 Junction 20/Swinford Road (LUTTERWORTH)							40	50														90
MH1: Land east of Leicester Road and south of Grand Union canal (MARKET HARBOROUGH)									50	50	50	50	50									250
MH2: East of Market Harborough Road (MARKET HARBOROUGH)														40	40	50	50	80	80	80	80	500
MH3: Land south of Gallow Field Road (MARKET HARBOROUGH)												30	50	80	80	80	80	80	80	40		600
BA1: Land off Frolesworth Road (BROUGHTON ASTLEY)											40	80	80	80	80	80	35					475
F1: Land north of Kilby Road and west of Longgrey (FLECKNEY)									50	50	50											150
GG1: Land to the North of London Road and east of Leicester Grammar School (GREAT GLEN)											40	80	80	80	80	40						400
K1: Land west of Warwick Road (KIBWORTH)											40	80	80	80	80	80	35					475
B1: Land at Gaulby Road (BILLESDON)									20	20	8											48
B2: Billesdon Depot south of Gaulby Road (BILLESDON)									5	5												10
B3: Former Lorry Park Gaulby Road (BILLESDON)										5												5
GB1: Land north of Dingley Road (GREAT BOWDEN)									5	10												15
GB2: Land off Dingley Road and Nether Green (GREAT BOWDEN)									25	25	25	10										85
HH1: Land north of Uppingham Road (HOUGHTON ON THE HILL)									25	25	25	5										80
HH2: Land north of Stretton Lane (HOUGHTON ON THE HILL)									12	12												24
HB1: Land east of Welford Road (HUSBANDS BOSWORTH)										50	50	5										105
U1: Land south of Ashby Road (ULLESTHORPE)									15	15												30
U2: Land north of Ashby Road (ULLESTHORPE)									25	25												50
Small villages requirement							23	23	23	23	23	23	23	23	23	23	23	23	23	23	23	350 (rounded)
*Total Allocations*	0	0	0	0	0	0	63	73	*405*	*465*	*526*	*538*	*493*	*633*	*633*	*603*	*473*	*433*	*433*	*393*	*253*	*6,422 (rounded)*
Projected Annual Total	1010	1026	929	765	599	485	544	527	634	614	640	799	728	868	868	838	668	628	628	588	448	14,839 (rounded)
Annual Requirement	657	657	657	657	657	657	657	657	657	657	657	657	657	657	657	657	534	534	534	534	534	13,182

*Commitments figure includes 1,500 homes on Lutterworth East.

Appendix 6 Masterplanning Requirements

The preparation of masterplans by developers must involve the active participation and input of all relevant stakeholders, including the council, landowners, developers, the local community, service providers and other interested parties. The developer should agree on the scope and form of masterplans, including consultation arrangements with the council at the pre-application stage. The exact methodology for preparing the masterplan and its relationship with the development management process will be agreed between the developer and the council at the pre-application stage. Where appropriate masterplans may be adopted as Supplementary Planning Documents.

Masterplans will be expected (proportionate to the scale of development) to:

Set out a strong vision and clear objectives to create sustainable and successful places, ensuring the proposed development makes a positive contribution to local character and distinctiveness;
Identify and respond to constraints and opportunities including ecology, heritage, and flood risk;
Set out a spatial framework and indicative layout with key parameters including the quantum of development;
Set out a design approach which:
- Demonstrates high standards of urban design and architecture for all uses through submission of a Design Code(s) as part of the masterplan
- respects the character of the landscape and heritage of the site and adjacent and nearby settlements and built development to create a distinctive place which incorporates landmark features or points of focus, such as public squares, pocket parks, prominent buildings, street trees and public art;
- makes effective use of the site through the application of appropriate densities in terms of scale, height and massing, and appropriately consider the relationship to adjoining buildings and landscape;
- incorporate a multifunctional green and blue infrastructure network, linking to adjacent and existing networks and utilising existing and potential habitats, maximising opportunities for biodiversity enhancement reflecting the latest Harborough District Green and Blue Infrastructure Study published by the council and other best practice guidance;
- creates a network of permeable and interconnected streets and public spaces;
- addresses climate change adaptation and mitigation including carbon reduction, energy efficiency and flood risk;
- deliver an integrated development, providing for a mix of housing that addresses the range of local housing needs, and encourages community cohesion; and
- integrates community and other uses in accessible locations to serve different neighbourhoods.
Clearly demonstrate how the physical and visual separation between settlements will be protected to maintain their identity and character and where required, propose appropriate boundary treatments that reflects the urban to rural transition;
Set out a transport and movement strategy which prioritises sustainable active modes of travel, including through provision for public transport, cycle routes, footpaths and bridleways, creating a network of permeable and interconnected streets and public realm, and increase connectivity to existing settlements and between adjoining sites;
Include measures to mitigate the traffic impacts of the proposed development on the strategic and local road networks;
Provide for timely delivery of physical infrastructure including transport, utility connections and fibre optic broadband;
Provide for the appropriate and timely provision of community facilities to serve the new development (e.g. local shops, community halls, schools and healthcare facilities);
Respond positively to the opportunities for integrating infrastructure provision between adjoining sites, including in respect of site access arrangements, other highways and transport requirements and landscaping and other green infrastructure;
Include a strategy for domestic waste;
Include a phasing and implementation plan; and
Include proposals for future place management including community management models where appropriate;

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